keap1-nrf2 pathway Importantly all these suggested mechanism

Importantly, all these suggested mechanisms invoke the mere presence of partners and do not consider the partners’ own characteristics that keap1-nrf2 pathway are indirectly or directly relevant for cancer survival. In a related literature, a large number of studies have documented survival advantages for those who hold various types of resources, including long educations and high incomes. Educational inequalities in cancer survival have been documented across a wide range of countries (Kinsey, Jemal, Liff, Ward, & Thun, 2008; Elstad, Torstensrud, Lyngstad, & Kravdal, 2012; Aarts, Koldewijn, Poortmans, Coebergh, & Louwman, 2013). These differences are obviously shaped by lifestyles and health behaviors, but possibly also by quality of cancer treatment and care. Highly educated individuals may take more effective advantage of available health inputs and have a better understanding of the relationship between health behaviors, treatment and outcomes (e.g. Kenkel, 1991; Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2012). Patient-provider communication and use of specialist care is known to vary with patients\' SES, with the level of education being of particular importance (see e.g. Bago d\'Uva & Jones, 2009; Smith, Dixon, Trevena, Nutbeam, & McCaffery, 2009; Marks, Ok, Joung, & Allegrante, 2010; Bowen, Hannon, Harris, & Martin, 2011). Access to and utilization of highly specialized treatment has been shown to affect survival after cancer, and relates to both the level and type of educational attainment (Fiva, Haegeland, Ronning, & Syse, 2014). It may thus be argued that better educated persons have a better understanding of the healthcare system, and thus are better at navigating their way through the health bureaucracy, claiming their rights, acquiring relevant information, and communicating their symptoms. Further, income, net of education, has been shown to influence general health and mortality positively (Elo, 2009), and also cancer survival specifically (Woods, Rachet, & Coleman, 2006; Lejeune et al., 2010). Most commonly, individuals’ own income has been used, but also household income and husbands’ incomes in studies of women as a proxy for social class have been applied, along with neighborhood deprivation characteristics (Quaglia, Lillini, Mamo, Ivaldi, & Vercelli, 2013). Lastly, age plays an important role for cancer survival. Age is a prognostic factor for most cancer forms, with younger individuals in general having better survival (Syse, Veenstra, Aagnes, & Tretli, 2012). However, net of individuals’ own age, the age of a spouse may play a role through many of the same mechanisms operating through education: Younger partners may be better at seeking information and navigating the healthcare system, may have less respect for authorities and thus gain access to better treatment and care with implications for survival. When these literatures are considered in combination, partners’ resources emerge as a factor Plasmid may help produce and modify the marital survival advantage. Partners are different, and bring varying amounts of resources into the household. These resources may contribute to differentials in survival, net of the patient\'s own resources. A handful of studies have showed variations in mortality or self-reported health by various measures of spouses’ SES, reporting somewhat mixed results (Jaffe, Eisenbach, Neumark, & Manor, 2006; Torssander & Erikson, 2009; Brown, Hummer, & Hayward, 2014; Spoerri, Schmidlin, Richter, Egger, & Clough-Gorr, 2014). A Norwegian study found small effects of spouses’ SES on cancer mortality relative to overall and CVD mortality (Skalicka & Kunst, 2008). Notably, the term cancer refers to more than hundred different forms of disease (Adami, Hunter, & Trichopoulos, 2008). Almost every tissue in the body can spawn malignancies, and each cancer has unique features. This extends to signs, symptoms, treatment options, prognosis and long-term effects. However, for many, cancer as a term is associated with certain connotations and life changes, almost regardless of the uniqueness of the specific cancer in question. Cancer may thus be considered an overarching, broad-spanning disease.