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  • br Conclusions This paper introduces

    2018-11-02


    Conclusions This paper introduces the concept of “breathing architecture.” In particular, this research explores effects of the investigation into the natural ventilation of buildings on architectural design and thus proposes a new kind of architecture called “breathing architecture.” The investigation into the natural ventilation of buildings provides information and data that affect various parameters of architectural design. The parameters examined in this research are the following: (i) inspiration and analogical transfer, (ii) initial conception of the main idea using CFD (digital design), (iii) development of the main idea through an investigatory process toward building form optimization, and (vi) form configuration, shape investigation, and other morphogenetic prospects. The following conclusions are derived: A synthetic path that freely follows the master air flow without strict constraints and limits achieves the expression of non-visible elements of the natural ventilation of buildings and their involved fluidity, while simultaneously promotes freedom in architectural design. Turbulence intensity contours show that the upper right corner (interior of the windward side) of the space has very low values of turbulence intensity (close to zero) for Fr=1.15. This result alters gradually as the initial Froude number (Fr) is increased. High values of this parameter are observed at the central zone near the floor while increased values and a relatively high gradient are observed at the bottom left corner (interior of the leeward side). High turbulence intensity indicates high aesthesis of intensity for people residing in the respective areas. Contour configurations obtain a loose morphology and curved face in opposite regions of the main flow area. Furthermore, these positions have relatively low values of turbulence intensity, thereby indicating a correspondingly smooth aesthesis of intensity. The areas with increased turbulence intensity also show better substance p prospects in comparison to those with decreased turbulence intensity. Turbulent kinetic energy contours show that a relatively high gradient is also observed at the bottom left corner of the space, particularly at the central vertical planes (z=0.75m, z=0.5625m). Increased values of turbulent kinetic energy are shown particularly in the central zone near the floor (approximately y 0.5m). Moreover, as Fr0 increases by changing wind velocity, the values of turbulent kinetic energy also increase. Increased turbulent kinetic energy also relates to an increase in intensity perception, as well as the improvement of pollutant diffusion.
    Acknowledgments This research was supported by a scholarship provided by IKY (State Scholarships Foundation, Greece) to the author. The author would also like to thank Professor Panagiotis E. Prinos (Division of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece) for his support and useful discussions about this paper.
    Introduction Three contemporary Chinese architects, namely Yung Ho Chang, Liu Jiakun, and Wang Shu, have often been labeled substance p as the ‘avant-garde’ or xianfeng architects in China. In parallel with ‘The Experimental Work of Young Chinese Architects’ exhibition in 1999, a special issue of the periodical, Avant-Garde Today was published; the special issue focused on the works of the architects involved in the exhibition. Xianfeng has been regarded as a collective feature of a group of independent Chinese architects (Lu, 2003) and has been directly applied to describe individual architects, including Chang (Li, 2008: 43), Liu (Fang et al., 2006: 77), and Wang (Zhu and Yang, 2001: 51). Besides in Chinese publications, the phrase ‘avant-garde’ has been used to describe these architects in books published overseas (Nederlands Architectuurinstituut, 2006: 40–43; Zhu, 2009: 169). However, in response to the label of being a xianfeng architect, Wang claims that he is a houfeng (rear-guard) architect because of his obsession with traditions (Chau, 2009: 102). His aim is not to strive for a future without ‘root,’ but to revitalize regional traditions.