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  • br Competing interests br Funding br Ethical

    2022-05-17


    Competing interests
    Funding
    Ethical approval
    Acknowledgement
    Introduction Hepatitis C is a disease that infects the liver through transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because the symptoms of this infection are not pronounced, the infected individuals may not even be aware of their infection. Nonetheless, these infected individuals may still serve as a source of transmission and have an increased risk of HCV related diseases. Centers for Disease control and prevention (CDC) estimates that over time, approximately 60%−70% of people with chronic hepatitis C develop liver disease and 1%−5% will get liver cancer and die. In fact, HCV is transmitted efficiently through exposure to inflected blood. Although much less frequent, occupational, perinatal, and sexual exposures can also result in transmission of HCV (Shah et al., 2018). In fact, Hepatitis C was additionally spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants before better screening of blood was implemented in 1992. However, there is no still salinomycin available to increase prevention of hepatitis C related diseases. Therefore, according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the National institute of Health (NIH), it is imperative that patients carrying Hepatitis C avoid alcohol consumption as alcohol consumption increases vulnerability of the liver. Global Burden of Disease (2016) study shows that Chronic Hepatitis C is a growing global problem, with over 143 million people worldwide suffering from the disease. According to World Health Organization (2011) approximately, 3–4 million people are infected per year, and more than 350,000 people die yearly from hepatitis C-related diseases. This disease has become the most common blood-borne disease in the United States, with over 4 million people in the United States already infected. Of these infected, chronic HCV infections develop in close to 85% of patients, with only 15% of patients able to clear the virus without treatment. Consequently, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney disease (2003) proved this has resulted in deaths of over 12,000 people each year. Regev and Jeffers (1999) has proved in his studies that Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and alcohol are common causes of chronic liver diseases and both are recognized as major causes of liver disease worldwide. Each poses a major public and economic burden to society, and when the two coexist they appear to have a synergistic effect in the progression of chronic liver disease. A Thomas et al. (2000) showed that just three or more daily drinks can increase the risk of cirrhosis and advanced liver disease. Studies show that substantial alcohol intake with an HCV infection is a health risk. Poynard et al. (1997) have published in The Lance showed that alcohol intake of over 50 g a day (approximately 3.5 drinks per day) leads to an increased risk of fibrosis and ultimate cirrhosis. Studies show that patients with HCV infections who drank often were more likely than those who did not drink to develop cirrhosis (Wiley et al., 1998). Furthermore, other studies have discovered that the rate of HCV infection in alcoholics with symptoms of liver disease is four times that of alcoholics without symptoms of liver disease (Coelho-Little et al., 1995, Mendenhall et al., 1991, Takase et al., 1993). Other factors that can accelerate the development of Hep C include age at the time of infection, amount of alcohol intake, weight, gender, and steatosis (Poynard et al., 2001). Hutchinson et al., 2005, Singal and Anand, 2007 and Wiley et al. (1998) have discusses about alcohol and HCV are independent risk factors that cause liver inflammation, cirrhosis and HCC with similar and distinct molecular mechanism. Studies suggest that increased HCV replication, increased hepatic oxidative stress, impaired host immune response and enhanced hepatocyte cell death contribute to the development of liver disease when alcohol abuse associated with HCV infection.