Aside from differences between countries differences

Aside from differences between countries, differences also exist within countries. Indeed, recent research shows that in many African countries attitudes related to female genital cutting vary substantially at the individual and household levels (Bellemare et al., 2015; Efferson et al., 2015; Hernlund & Shell-Duncan, 2007). Families who support cutting and focal adhesion kinase inhibitor who do not essentially live in close proximity to each other. This tremendous local heterogeneity within countries of origin suggests an important question about immigrants. Namely, how are attitudes about cutting distributed within immigrant populations in Europe and North America? In addition to finding that Sudanese in Switzerland are more positive about uncut girls than in Sudan, we also found tremendous variation in attitudes among immigrants within Switzerland. The variation was significantly less than in Sudan, but still substantial, running the gamut from implicit attitudes that were strongly negative about uncut girls to those that were strongly positive. This kind of variation within an immigrant population has at least two important policy implications. First, an immigrant\'s country of origin can provide, at best, a crude indication of any given immigrant\'s attitude toward cutting and the risk that her daughters will be cut. Uncritically casting suspicion on a group of immigrants is simplistic, and it could exaggerate misunderstanding and tension between immigrants and the people of European origin around them (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2016). Second, variation suggests tremendous potential for culturally sensitive programs that promote the abandonment of cutting among immigrants (Costello, Quinn, Tatchell, Jordan, & Neophytou, 2013; Merry, 2006). In particular, to the extent that a program ignores extant heterogeneity among immigrants, immigrants may feel prejudged, misrepresented, and attacked, all of which presumably increase the risk of backlash. Instead, programs could exploit the fact that various attitudes about cutting are already present within the immigrant population. In this sense the immigrant population provides a potential framework for the abandonment of cutting from within the population itself. Programs do not necessarily need to put forward facts, figures, and impassioned pleas that argue against female genital cutting from a perspective outside the immigrant culture. Our results suggest that contrasting viewpoints are already present among immigrants just as they are in countries of origin. Instead of indiscriminate suspicion and programs directed at entire immigrant communities, programs could be more effective if Null mutation actively build upon heterogeneity among immigrants themselves. For example, Vogt et al. (2016) recently showed that highlighting discordant views on female genital cutting within a cutting society can significantly improve attitudes towards uncut girls.
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Introduction There is a well-documented negative correlation between unemployment and health (Jin, Shah, & Svoboda, 1995, Wilson & Walker, 1993), though there has been debate about the directionality of the relationship (Salm, 2009). Moreover, many studies have focused on broad measures of health or a few specific risk behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption (e.g., Deb, Gallo, Ayyagari, Fletcher, & Sindelar, 2011, Luoto, Poikolainen, & Uutela, 1998), but few studies have focused on health-promoting behaviors such as physical activity (but see Colman & Dave, 2014, Dave & Kelly, 2012). There are a number of reasons to think that individuals experiencing unemployment might not engage in as many health-promoting behaviors as during employment (e.g., because of stress or depression), yet, like with smoking and alcohol consumption, there are also reasons to believe individuals might make healthier choices during unemployment. For example, the economic hardship that can accompany job loss may reduce one\'s ability to consume health care, along with vices like cigarettes, leading individuals to search for ways to maintain health without the use of medical care, perhaps through physical activity or diet. Furthermore, in the Grossman model of health capital individuals make investments in health, but time investments in health are limited by labor supply (Avendano & Berkman, 2014). In the case of unemployment, the labor supply barrier is eliminated and such time investments in health could be increased, even if material investments are decreased. Prior research demonstrates that lack of time is a commonly reported barrier to exercise (Nomaguchi & Bianchi, 2004, Sallis, Hovell, & Hofstetter, 1992, Trost, Owen, Bauman, Sallis, & Brown, 2003). In this study, I focus on physical activity behaviors because of their importance for long-term health (Courneya, Mackey, Bell, Jones, Field, & Fairey, 2003, Stewart, Hays, Wells, Rogers, Spritzer, & Greenfield, 1994) and because they are severely understudied in the context of unemployment research.